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  Elec­tro­mag­net­ic fields

  • What are elec­tro­mag­net­ic fields?
  • High-fre­quen­cy fields
    • What are high-fre­quen­cy fields?
    • Sources
      • Cord­less land­line tele­phones
      • Cord­less equip­ment con­nec­tions
      • Wire­less in-ear head­phones
      • Ba­by mon­i­tors
      • BOS ra­dio sys­tem
      • Free ra­dio tele­phone ser­vices
      • Ra­dio and tele­vi­sion
      • Mi­crowave ovens
      • Smart me­ters
      • Full-body scan­ners
      • Radar
    • Ef­fects
      • Proven ef­fects
      • Dis­cussed ef­fects
      • IARC eval­u­a­tion of high-fre­quen­cy fields
    • Pro­tec­tion
      • Lim­it val­ues
      • Oc­cu­pa­tion­al safe­ty
  • Ra­di­a­tion pro­tec­tion in mo­bile com­mu­ni­ca­tion
    • What is mo­bile com­mu­ni­ca­tion?
      • High-fre­quen­cy elec­tro­mag­net­ic fields
      • Mo­bile ter­mi­nals
      • 5G
      • LTE
      • UMTS
      • GSM stan­dard
    • Ef­fects
      • Proven ef­fects
      • Dis­cussed ef­fects
      • IARC eval­u­a­tion of high-fre­quen­cy fields
    • Pro­tec­tion
      • Calls with the mo­bile phone
      • Us­ing smart­phones or tablets
      • Spe­cif­ic Ab­sorp­tion Rates (SAR) for mo­bile phones
      • Lim­it Val­ues
      • Pre­cau­tion­ary mea­sures
      • Vol­un­tary com­mit­ment
  • Stat­ic and low-fre­quen­cy fields
    • What are stat­ic and low-fre­quen­cy elec­tric and mag­net­ic fields?
    • Di­rect and al­ter­nat­ing volt­age
    • Ap­pli­ca­tion/oc­cur­rence
      • Pow­er sup­ply & traf­fic sys­tems
      • Trans­former sta­tion
      • House­hold ap­pli­ances & elec­tri­cal in­stal­la­tions
      • In­duc­tion hob
      • Dis­play screens
      • An­ti-theft de­vices
      • Oth­er ap­pli­ca­tions
      • Ev­ery­day field strain
    • Ef­fects of stat­ic and low-fre­quen­cy fields
      • Ef­fects of stat­ic fields
      • Es­tab­lished ef­fects of low-fre­quen­cy fields
      • Dis­cussed ef­fects of low-fre­quen­cy fields
      • WHO risk as­sess­ment
    • Pro­tec­tion
      • Lim­it val­ues
      • Pre­cau­tion
      • Oc­cu­pa­tion­al safe­ty
  • Ra­di­a­tion pro­tec­tion re­lat­ing to the ex­pan­sion of the na­tion­al grid
    • Ba­sics trans­fer of elec­tri­cal pow­er
      • What are high-volt­age pow­er lines?
      • Elec­tric and mag­net­ic fields
      • Field strain due to high-volt­age lines
      • High-volt­age di­rect cur­rent trans­mis­sion
    • Ef­fects of elec­tric and mag­net­ic fields
      • Es­tab­lished ef­fects of low-fre­quen­cy fields
      • Dis­cussed ef­fects of low-fre­quen­cy fields
    • Pro­tec­tion
      • Lim­it val­ues
      • Eu­ro­pean lim­it val­ues and reg­u­la­tions
      • Pre­cau­tion
  • Ra­di­a­tion pro­tec­tion in elec­tro­mo­bil­i­ty
  • The Com­pe­tence Cen­tre for Elec­tro­mag­net­ic Fields
    • The Com­pe­tence Cen­tre
    • Re­search
      • Re­search re­lat­ing to pow­er grid ex­pan­sion
      • Re­search on mo­bile com­mu­ni­ca­tions
    • Re­ports and eval­u­a­tions
      • Elec­tro­mag­net­ic fields
      • Mo­bile com­mu­ni­ca­tions
      • Spot­light on EMF Re­search
      • Meet­ings and con­fer­ences

  Op­ti­cal ra­di­a­tion

  • What is op­ti­cal ra­di­a­tion?
  • UV ra­di­a­tion
    • EU­RO 2024 UV-safe
      • About the cam­paign
      • UV pro­tec­tion short
      • Ex­pert in in­ter­view
      • Kick-off for UV pro­tec­tion
    • What is UV ra­di­a­tion?
    • Ef­fects of UV ra­di­a­tion
      • Acute ef­fects
      • Long-term ef­fects
    • Pro­tec­tion against UV ra­di­a­tion
      • Why pro­tec­tion against UV ra­di­a­tion?
      • Tips on UV pro­tec­tion
      • UV pro­tec­tion through cloth­ing
      • UV pro­tec­tion for the eyes
      • UV pro­tec­tion with sun­screen
      • UV pro­tec­tion in the car?
    • UV in­dex
      • What is the UV in­dex?
      • Cur­rent mea­sure­ment val­ues
      • UV in­dex fore­cast ar­eas
      • UV fore­cast
      • UV in­dex world­wide
      • UV mon­i­tor­ing net­work
    • Cli­mate change and UV ra­di­a­tion
      • Cli­mate change and UV ex­po­sure
      • Risk of UV-re­lat­ed dis­eases
      • Adapt­ing to the cli­mate change
      • Ozone de­ple­tion: In­flu­ence on UV ex­po­sure
    • UV pro­tec­tion al­liance
    • Sun – but safe!
      • What is so­lar ra­di­a­tion?
      • Cli­mate change and UV ra­di­a­tion
  • Vis­i­ble light
    • What does light mean?
    • Ef­fects
    • Pro­tec­tion
  • In­frared ra­di­a­tion
    • What is in­frared ra­di­a­tion?
    • Ef­fects
  • Ap­pli­ca­tion in medicine and well­ness
    • Ap­pli­ca­tions of in­frared ra­di­a­tion
    • Laser ap­pli­ca­tions
    • Epi­la­tion
    • Tat­too re­moval
    • Blue light ther­a­py
    • Light ther­a­py with day­light lamps
    • Sunbeds
      • Le­gal reg­u­la­tions
      • Sunbed check
  • Ap­pli­ca­tion in dai­ly life and tech­nol­o­gy
    • Laser
      • What is laser ra­di­a­tion?
    • In­frared ra­di­a­tion
    • Rec­om­men­da­tions for good light­ing
    • Ap­pli­ca­tion of ar­ti­fi­cial UV ra­di­a­tion

  Ion­is­ing ra­di­a­tion

  • What is ion­is­ing ra­di­a­tion?
  • Ra­dioac­tiv­i­ty in the en­vi­ron­ment
    • Where does ra­dioac­tiv­i­ty oc­cur in the en­vi­ron­ment?
    • Nat­u­ral ra­di­a­tion in Ger­many
    • Air, soil and wa­ter
      • Mon­i­tor­ing of the gam­ma dose rate
      • Cos­mic ra­di­a­tion dur­ing flights
      • Trace mea­sure­ments in the air
      • Emis­sion mon­i­tor­ing
      • Air mon­i­tor­ing at Schauins­land mea­sur­ing sta­tion
      • The BfS geo­por­tal
    • Radon
      • What is radon?
      • Where does radon oc­cur?
      • What is the spa­tial dis­tri­bu­tion of radon in Ger­many?
      • How can I pro­tect my­self from radon?
      • How does radon af­fect health?
      • Pro­vi­sions for build­ings and work­places
    • Food­stuffs
      • What ra­dionu­clides can be found in food?
      • Nat­u­ral ra­dioac­tiv­i­ty in food
      • Nat­u­ral ra­dionu­clides in brazil nuts
      • Ra­di­a­tion ex­po­sure of mush­rooms and game
      • Ra­di­a­tion ex­po­sure due to nat­u­ral ra­dionu­clides in drink­ing wa­ter
      • Nat­u­ral ra­dionu­clides in min­er­al wa­ters
    • Build­ing ma­te­ri­als
      • Nat­u­ral ra­dionu­clides in build­ing ma­te­ri­als
      • Clay as build­ing ma­te­ri­al
      • Gran­ite plates used in house­holds
    • Relics
      • En­hanced en­vi­ron­men­tal ra­dioac­tiv­i­ty as a re­sult of hu­man in­flu­ence
      • Lega­cies
      • Spe­cial­ist in­for­ma­tion
    • In­dus­tri­al residues (NORM)
      • What are NORM residues?
      • Residues from drink­ing-wa­ter treat­ment
      • Residues from deep geother­mal en­er­gy
      • Spe­cial­ist in­for­ma­tion NORM
    • BfS lab­o­ra­to­ries
      • Lab­o­ra­to­ries for the mea­sure­ment of ra­dioac­tive ma­te­ri­als
      • Co­or­di­nat­ing Of­fices for En­vi­ron­men­tal Mon­i­tor­ing
      • Trace anal­y­sis
      • Radon cal­i­brat­ing lab­o­ra­to­ry
  • Ap­pli­ca­tions in medicine
    • Di­ag­nos­tics
      • X-rays
      • Nu­cle­ar-med­i­cal di­ag­nos­tics
      • Ra­di­a­tion ap­pli­ca­tions and preg­nan­cy
      • Al­ter­na­tive imag­ing tech­niques
      • Di­ag­nos­tic ref­er­ence val­ues
    • Ra­dio­ther­a­py
      • What is ra­dio­ther­a­py?
      • Types of ra­dio­ther­a­py
      • Treat­ment plan­ning
      • ra­dio­ther­a­py tech­niques
      • Ra­di­a­tion pro­tec­tion in ra­dio­ther­a­py
  • Ap­pli­ca­tions in dai­ly life and in tech­nol­o­gy
    • Ra­dioac­tive ra­di­a­tion sources in Ger­many
    • Reg­is­ter high-lev­el ra­dioac­tive ra­di­a­tion sources
    • Type ap­proval pro­ce­dure
      • ... pur­suant to Ra­di­a­tion Pro­tec­tion Or­di­nance
      • ... X-ray de­vices
    • Items claim­ing to pro­vide ben­e­fi­cial ef­fects of ra­di­a­tion
    • Cab­in lug­gage se­cu­ri­ty checks
    • Ra­dioac­tive ma­te­ri­als in watch­es
    • Ion­i­sa­tion smoke de­tec­tors (ISM)
  • Ra­di­a­tion ef­fects
    • What are the ef­fects of ra­di­a­tion?
    • Ef­fects of se­lect­ed ra­dioac­tive ma­te­ri­als
      • Polo­ni­um-210
      • Plu­to­ni­um
      • Ura­ni­um
    • Con­se­quences of a ra­di­a­tion ac­ci­dent
    • Can­cer and leukaemia
      • In­tro­duc­tion
      • Child­hood leukemia
    • Hered­i­tary ra­di­a­tion dam­age
    • In­di­vid­u­al ra­diosen­si­tiv­i­ty
    • Epi­demi­ol­o­gy of ra­di­a­tion-in­duced dis­eases
    • Ion­is­ing ra­di­a­tion: pos­i­tive ef­fects?
  • Ra­di­a­tion pro­tec­tion
    • Ba­sic in­for­ma­tion
      • Prin­ci­ples of ra­di­a­tion pro­tec­tion
      • From ac­tiv­i­ty to dose
      • Atom­ic bomb­ings: ra­di­a­tion pro­tec­tion
    • Oc­cu­pa­tion­al ra­di­a­tion pro­tec­tion
      • Na­tion­al dose reg­is­ter
      • Lim­it val­ues
      • This is how mon­i­tor­ing works
      • VR ap­pli­ca­tion
    • Lim­it val­ues
  • Nu­cle­ar ac­ci­dent man­age­ment
    • Emer­gen­cy Pre­pared­ness Guide
    • What is an emer­gen­cy?
      • Emer­gen­cy sce­nar­ios
      • Phas­es of an emer­gen­cy
      • Dose cri­te­ria for emer­gen­cies
      • Emer­gen­cy 2011: Fukushi­ma
      • Emer­gen­cy 1986: Chornobyl
    • What are the con­se­quences of an emer­gen­cy?
      • En­vi­ron­men­tal con­se­quences
      • Con­se­quences for hu­mans
      • Psy­choso­cial con­se­quences
    • Who does what in an emer­gen­cy?
      • Fed­er­al and state tasks
      • Fed­er­al Ra­di­o­log­i­cal Sit­u­a­tion Cen­tre
      • Pro­tec­tion of the pop­u­la­tion
      • Re­sponse to Nu­cle­ar Se­cu­ri­ty Events
      • De­vel­op­ment of emer­gen­cy pre­pared­ness in Ger­many
      • Mea­sur­ing ra­dioac­tiv­i­ty
      • In­ter­na­tion­al co­op­er­a­tion
    • What does BfS do in an emer­gen­cy?
      • En­vi­ron­men­tal mea­sure­ments
      • Mea­sure­ments of in­di­vid­u­als
      • Fed­er­al Ra­di­o­log­i­cal Sit­u­a­tion Cen­tre
      • Re­sponse to Nu­cle­ar Se­cu­ri­ty Events
    • Ex­er­cis­es for emer­gen­cy sit­u­a­tions
      • He­li­copter-borne Mea­sure­ment Ex­er­cis­es
      • Mea­sure­ment ex­er­cis­es on the ground
      • Mea­sur­ing sys­tems
  • Ser­vice of­fers
    • Radon mea­sure­ments
      • Ac­cred­it­ed cal­i­bra­tion lab­o­ra­to­ry
      • Com­par­a­tive tests for pas­sive radon mea­sur­ing de­vices
      • Ap­prove­ment of providers
    • In­cor­po­ra­tion mon­i­tor­ing
      • Co­or­di­nat­ing Of­fice
      • Pro­ce­dure
      • In­ter­lab­o­ra­to­ry com­par­isons
      • Ap­proved Lab­o­ra­to­ries
    • Bi­o­log­i­cal dosime­try
      • Dose es­ti­ma­tion at the BfS
      • Bi­o­log­i­cal dosime­try fol­low­ing ra­di­a­tion ex­po­sure
    • ProZES
    • Vir­tu­al Ig­or

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  • Ra­di­a­tion pro­tec­tion in ev­ery­day life
    • Ra­di­a­tion pro­tec­tion ba­sics
    • Ra­dioac­tiv­i­ty in the en­vi­ron­ment
    • UV pro­tec­tion, light and in­frared
    • Elec­tric­i­ty, mo­bile com­mu­ni­ca­tions and more
    • Ra­di­a­tion in medicine
  • Ra­di­a­tion pro­tec­tion in an emer­gen­cy
    • How does emer­gen­cy pro­tec­tion work?
    • Chornobyl (Rus­sian: Cher­nobyl)
      • Mea­sure­ment ex­er­cise in Chornobyl 2016
      • Mea­sure­ment ex­er­cise in Chorno­by 2018
  • What does the BfS do?
    • Mea­sur­ing ex­cer­cis­es
  • Ex­pert knowl­edge: Re­ports and da­ta
    • Re­ports in the DORIS on­line li­brary
    • BfS an­nu­al re­ports
    • En­vi­ron­men­tal ra­dioac­tiv­i­ty and ra­di­a­tion ex­po­sure

• The BfS

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  The BfS

  • Work­ing at the BfS
    • This is how we work
    • Get to know us
    • Join­ing the BfS
    • This is what we of­fer you
  • About us
    • Man­age­ment
    • Tasks
    • Sites
      • Salzgit­ter
      • Berlin
      • Mu­nich (Neuher­berg)
      • Cot­tbus
      • Freiburg
      • Bonn
      • Rends­burg
      • Schauins­land
    • Or­gan­i­sa­tion
    • Ra­di­a­tion Pro­tec­tion Qual­i­fi­ca­tion Net­work
    • Sus­tain­abil­i­ty
      • En­vi­ron­men­tal man­age­ment
      • Di­ver­si­ty
    • In­ter­na­tion­al co-op­er­a­tion
    • Con­tact
      • In­quiries from cit­i­zens
      • Press of­fice
  • Sci­ence and re­search
    • Re­search at BfS
      • What is the point of ra­di­a­tion re­search?
      • Re­search con­cept
      • De­part­men­tal re­search
      • BfS re­search pro­gramme 2022-2026
      • EU re­search frame­work pro­gramme
      • Sci­en­tif­ic pub­li­ca­tions
    • So­cial as­pects of ra­di­a­tion pro­tec­tion
      • On­go­ing re­search projects
      • Com­plet­ed re­search projects
    • Nat­u­ral ra­di­a­tion ex­po­sure
      • On­go­ing re­search projects
      • Com­plet­ed re­search projects
      • State­ments
    • Ef­fects and risks of ion­iz­ing ra­di­a­tion
      • On­go­ing re­search projects
      • Com­plet­ed re­search projects
      • State­ments
    • Medicine
      • On­go­ing re­search projects
      • Com­plet­ed re­search projects
    • Ac­ci­dent man­age­ment
      • Com­plet­ed re­search projects
    • Ra­dioe­col­o­gy
    • Elec­tro­mag­net­ic fields
      • On­go­ing re­search projects
      • Com­plet­ed re­search projects
      • State­ments
    • Eu­ro­pean part­ner­ship
    • Sci­en­tif­ic col­lab­o­ra­tions
      • Work­shop Fit for Pur­pose
      • WHO Col­lab­o­rat­ing Cen­tre
      • Emer­gen­cy pre­pared­ness
      • Ra­di­a­tion epi­demi­ol­o­gy
      • Ra­di­a­tion bi­ol­o­gy
  • Laws and reg­u­la­tions
    • Ra­di­a­tion Pro­tec­tion Act
    • Or­di­nance on Pro­tec­tion against the Harm­ful Ef­fects of Ion­is­ing Ra­di­a­tion
    • Or­di­nance on Pro­tec­tion against the Harm­ful Ef­fects of Non-ion­is­ing Ra­di­a­tion in Hu­man Ap­pli­ca­tions (NiSV)
    • Fre­quent­ly ap­plied le­gal pro­vi­sions
    • Dose co­ef­fi­cients to cal­cu­late ra­di­a­tion ex­po­sure
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