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Electromagnetic fields
What are electromagnetic fields?
High-frequency fields
What are high-frequency fields?
Sources
Cordless landline telephones
Cordless equipment connections
Wireless in-ear headphones
Baby monitors
BOS radio system
Free radio telephone services
Radio and television
Microwave ovens
Smart meters
Full-body scanners
Radar
Effects
Proven effects
Discussed effects
IARC evaluation of high-frequency fields
Protection
Limit values
Occupational safety
Radiation protection in mobile communication
What is mobile communication?
High-frequency electromagnetic fields
Mobile terminals
5G
LTE
UMTS
GSM standard
Effects
Proven effects
Discussed effects
IARC evaluation of high-frequency fields
Protection
Calls with the mobile phone
Using smartphones or tablets
Specific Absorption Rates (SAR) for mobile phones
Limit Values
Precautionary measures
Voluntary commitment
Static and low-frequency fields
What are static and low-frequency electric and magnetic fields?
Direct and alternating voltage
Application/occurrence
Power supply & traffic systems
Transformer station
Household appliances & electrical installations
Induction hob
Display screens
Anti-theft devices
Other applications
Everyday field strain
Effects of static and low-frequency fields
Effects of static fields
Established effects of low-frequency fields
Discussed effects of low-frequency fields
WHO risk assessment
Protection
Limit values
Precaution
Occupational safety
Radiation protection relating to the expansion of the national grid
Basics transfer of electrical power
What are high-voltage power lines?
Electric and magnetic fields
Field strain due to high-voltage lines
High-voltage direct current transmission
Effects of electric and magnetic fields
Established effects of low-frequency fields
Discussed effects of low-frequency fields
Protection
Limit values
European limit values and regulations
Precaution
Radiation protection in electromobility

The Competence Centre for Electromagnetic Fields
The Competence Centre
Research
Research relating to power grid expansion
Research on mobile communications
Reports and evaluations
Electromagnetic fields
Mobile communications
Spotlight on EMF Research
Meetings and conferences
Optical radiation
What is optical radiation?
UV radiation
EURO 2024 UV-safe
About the campaign
UV protection short
Expert in interview
Kick-off for UV protection
What is UV radiation?
Effects of UV radiation
Acute effects
Long-term effects
Protection against UV radiation
Why protection against UV radiation?
Tips on UV protection
UV protection through clothing
UV protection for the eyes
UV protection with sunscreen
UV protection in the car?
UV index
What is the UV index?
Current measurement values
UV index forecast areas
UV forecast
UV index worldwide
UV monitoring network
Climate change and UV radiation
Climate change and UV exposure
Risk of UV-related diseases
Adapting to the climate change
Ozone depletion: Influence on UV exposure
UV protection alliance
Sun but safe!
What is solar radiation?
Climate change and UV radiation
Visible light
What does light mean?
Effects
Protection
Infrared radiation
What is infrared radiation?
Effects
Application in medicine and wellness
Applications of infrared radiation
Laser applications
Epilation
Tattoo removal
Blue light therapy
Light therapy with daylight lamps
Sunbeds
Legal regulations
Sunbed check

Application in daily life and technology
Laser
What is laser radiation?
Infrared radiation
Recommendations for good lighting
Application of artificial UV radiation
Ionising radiation
What is ionising radiation?
Radioactivity in the environment
Where does radioactivity occur in the environment?
Natural radiation in Germany
Air, soil and water
Monitoring of the gamma dose rate
Cosmic radiation during flights
Trace measurements in the air
Emission monitoring
Air monitoring at Schauinsland measuring station
The BfS geoportal
Radon
What is radon?
Where does radon occur?
What is the spatial distribution of radon in Germany?
How can I protect myself from radon?
How does radon affect health?
Provisions for buildings and workplaces
Foodstuffs
What radionuclides can be found in food?
Natural radioactivity in food
Natural radionuclides in brazil nuts
Radiation exposure of mushrooms and game
Radiation exposure due to natural radionuclides in drinking water
Natural radionuclides in mineral waters
Building materials
Natural radionuclides in building materials
Clay as building material
Granite plates used in households
Relics
Enhanced environmental radioactivity as a result of human influence
Legacies
Specialist information
Industrial residues (NORM)
What are NORM residues?
Residues from drinking-water treatment
Residues from deep geothermal energy
Specialist information NORM
BfS laboratories
Laboratories for the measurement of radioactive materials
Coordinating Offices for Environmental Monitoring
Trace analysis
Radon calibrating laboratory
Applications in medicine
Diagnostics
X-rays
Nuclear-medical diagnostics
Radiation applications and pregnancy
Alternative imaging techniques
Diagnostic reference values
Radiotherapy
What is radiotherapy?
Types of radiotherapy
Treatment planning
radiotherapy techniques
Radiation protection in radiotherapy
Applications in daily life and in technology
Radioactive radiation sources in Germany
Register high-level radioactive radiation sources
Type approval procedure
... pursuant to Radiation Protection Ordinance
... X-ray devices
Items claiming to provide beneficial effects of radiation
Cabin luggage security checks
Radioactive materials in watches
Ionisation smoke detectors (ISM)
Radiation effects
What are the effects of radiation?
Effects of selected radioactive materials
Polonium-210
Plutonium
Uranium
Consequences of a radiation accident
Cancer and leukaemia
Introduction
Childhood leukemia
Hereditary radiation damage
Individual radiosensitivity
Epidemiology of radiation-induced diseases
Ionising radiation: positive effects?
Radiation protection
Basic information
Principles of radiation protection
From activity to dose
Atomic bombings: radiation protection
Occupational radiation protection
National dose register
Limit values
This is how monitoring works
VR application
Limit values
Nuclear accident management
Emergency Preparedness Guide
What is an emergency?
Emergency scenarios
Phases of an emergency
Dose criteria for emergencies
Emergency 2011: Fukushima
Emergency 1986: Chornobyl
What are the consequences of an emergency?
Environmental consequences
Consequences for humans
Psychosocial consequences
Who does what in an emergency?
Federal and state tasks
Federal Radiological Situation Centre
Protection of the population
Response to Nuclear Security Events
Development of emergency preparedness in Germany
Measuring radioactivity
International cooperation
What does BfS do in an emergency?
Environmental measurements
Measurements of individuals
Federal Radiological Situation Centre
Response to Nuclear Security Events
Exercises for emergency situations
Helicopter-borne Measurement Exercises
Measurement exercises on the ground
Measuring systems

Service offers
Radon measurements
Accredited calibration laboratory
Comparative tests for passive radon measuring devices
Approvement of providers
Incorporation monitoring
Coordinating Office
Procedure
Interlaboratory comparisons
Approved Laboratories
Biological dosimetry
Dose estimation at the BfS
Biological dosimetry following radiation exposure
ProZES
Virtual Igor
News

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News
Press releases

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RSS
Media Centre

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Media Centre
Radiation protection in everyday life
Radiation protection basics
Radioactivity in the environment
UV protection, light and infrared
Electricity, mobile communications and more

Radiation in medicine

Radiation protection in an emergency
How does emergency protection work?

Chornobyl (Russian: Chernobyl)
Measurement exercise in Chornobyl 2016
Measurement exercise in Chornoby 2018

What does the BfS do?

Measuring excercises

Expert knowledge: Reports and data
Reports in the DORIS online library
BfS annual reports

Environmental radioactivity and radiation exposure
The BfS

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The BfS
Working at the BfS
This is how we work
Get to know us
Joining the BfS

This is what we offer you

About us
Management
Tasks
Sites
Salzgitter
Berlin
Munich (Neuherberg)
Cottbus
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Bonn
Rendsburg
Schauinsland
Organisation
Radiation Protection Qualification Network
Sustainability
Environmental management
Diversity
International co-operation

Contact
Inquiries from citizens
Press office

Science and research
Research at BfS
What is the point of radiation research?
Research concept
Departmental research
BfS research programme 2022-2026
EU research framework programme
Scientific publications
Social aspects of radiation protection
Ongoing research projects
Completed research projects
Natural radiation exposure
Ongoing research projects
Completed research projects
Statements
Effects and risks of ionizing radiation
Ongoing research projects
Completed research projects
Statements
Medicine
Ongoing research projects
Completed research projects
Accident management
Completed research projects
Radioecology
Electromagnetic fields
Ongoing research projects
Completed research projects
Statements
European partnership

Scientific collaborations
Workshop Fit for Purpose
WHO Collaborating Centre
Emergency preparedness
Radiation epidemiology
Radiation biology

Laws and regulations
Radiation Protection Act
Ordinance on Protection against the Harmful Effects of Ionising Radiation
Ordinance on Protection against the Harmful Effects of Non-ionising Radiation in Human Applications (NiSV)
Frequently applied legal provisions

Dose coefficients to calculate radiation exposure

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Dose assessment residues equation 3

Dose assessment residues equation 3

shows equation 3

Dose assessment residues equation 3

Equation 3

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