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NORM: Further information for specialists

Compared to the natural background content of soils, NORM show an enhanced content of naturally occurring radionuclides. Here, we offer assistance to estimate the radiation exposure of workers in relevant industrial sectors involving NORM as well as in recycling or disposal facilities in Germany. Depending on the recycling option, a dose estimation for members of the public has to be taken into account.

Simplified dose estimation

When dealing with NORM, workers within a factory where these residues arise, and also those outside - at recycling or disposal facilities - can be subject to increased radiation exposure. Even the general public can be affected by increased radiation exposure from recycling or disposal. How can this radiation exposure be estimated in a simplified manner and how can it if applicable be reduced?

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Laws, reports, studies, guidelines

Further information for specialists: a selection of further reading on the subject of "naturally occurring radioactive materials" (NORM).

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Drinking-water treatment

Residues from certain processes of groundwater treatment for drinking water purposes can exhibit enhanced contents of radionuclides in comparison to the natural background level of soils. In unfavourable circumstances, the handling of these residues can lead to an increased level of radiation exposure for workers (inside the waterworks as well as in the course of recycling or disposal). How do these residues arise and what exposure pathways can lead to the increased radiation exposure of workers?

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