Effects on cells on the body surface when exposed to centimetre and millimetre waves (5G frequencies)

What is the issue?

For the transmission of voice and data, the 5th mobile radio generation (5G) currently uses frequencies that were used in previous mobile communications generations, that are adjacent to them, or that have been allocated for comparable uses. The biological effects of these frequency ranges on humans have been extensively studied in the German Mobile Radio Research Programme (DMF), among others.

Electromagnetic fields with frequencies much higher than 20 GHz will be used for 5G. In this frequency range, we also speak of centimetre or millimetre waves. The biological effects of electromagnetic fields in these frequency ranges are comparatively less well studied. There is thus still a need for research here.

What is the current situation?

In principle, the higher the frequency of the electromagnetic fields, the lower their penetration depth. Electromagnetic fields in the centimetre or millimetre wave range therefore have a only very low penetration depth in biological tissue. Thus, if a person is exposed to these fields, the energy of the fields is absorbed close to the body surface. Exposure to these fields therefore affects the body surface (i.e. the skin or the eyes). In contrast, direct effects on internal organs (based on direct energy absorption) are not to be expected.

What are the objectives of the BfS research project?

The possible effects of exposure to centimetre and millimetre waves will be investigated in cell-culture studies. Because of the low penetration depth, effects on human skin cells will be investigated. The cells will be exposed to electromagnetic fields with frequencies of 27 and 41 GHz. Both frequency ranges are planned for 5G.

What results did the research project provide?

No effects of exposure at both 27 GHz and 41 GHz beyond pure random findings could be observed. The project therefore did not provide any evidence for negative effects of exposure to 5G frequencies on human skin cells, even at very high power flux densities. The project contributed to further expanding knowledge about the effects of millimeter waves on skin cells and reducing uncertainties.