Electromagnetic fields and the living environment

The BfS frequently receives questions about the harmful effects of

• high-frequency EMF (e.g. from mobile communications base stations) or
• low-frequency electric and magnetic fields (e.g. from power lines)

on plants and animals. Individual observations associated with EMF (e.g. diseased trees near base stations or the disappearance of birds, insects, and especially bees) are reported by the general public.

These are individual observations, and a temporal and spatial relationship between the installation of power lines or transmitters and changes in the plant and animal are not necessarily caused by EMF. They can also be purely coincidental or have other causes. Only if such observations become increasingly frequent and there is no other plausible explanation should a possible connection with EMF be scientifically investigated.

The BfS has conducted a comprehensive literature review and prepared a statement on the possible effects of high-frequency EMF as well as low-frequency and static electric and magnetic fields on animals and plants. This means that the limit values applicable to humans also adequately protect plants and animals.

Animals: no negative influences from EMF observed

The frequently observed bee mortality is caused by diseases, parasites, and pesticides – but not by EMF. The widely discussed issue of insect mortality cannot be linked to mobile phone fields because it began in the 1990s before the rapid expansion of mobile communications transmitters.

Certain animal groups – marine animals, birds, and some mammals – can perceive the Earth’s magnetic field and orient themselves accordingly. Static magnetic fields from the planned direct current lines may be perceived by these animals and may influence their behaviour. The alternating fields of the power supply and mobile communications do not interfere with this orientation. Other negative physiological effects have also not been proven in animals.

Birds can perceive the Earth's magnetic field and orient themselves accordingly

Wind turbines, power lines, or masts can pose a real danger to birds (i.e. as a result of collisions). Bird sometimes also use power lines and masts as a perch or breeding site. Large bird species in particular (e.g. birds of prey, owls, and storks) can suffer severe electric shocks. Fluctuations in the population density of some bird species can be caused by human intervention in ecosystems. However, a direct connection with electric and magnetic fields has not been proven.

Plants: There is no evidence of serious harmful effects on plant health

It has been proven that static magnetic fields, including the Earth’s magnetic field, influence plant growth. Static and low-frequency magnetic fields of certain intensities and frequencies can promote the growth of plants and be used in agriculture. High-frequency EMF could also subject plants to stress, thereby influencing their growth. It has not been definitively proven, and the mechanisms of action are unknown. Compared with other environmental factors such as climate change or pests, these effects are less pronounced. Serious harmful effects on plant health have not yet been proven.

Reports of tree damage near mobile communications base stations cannot be directly linked to EMF. Both damaged and completely healthy trees have been documented around base stations.

Tree damage also occurs in areas without any mobile communications. Regular reports by the Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture on the state of forests explain what factors led to the damaged trees – these range from diseases and parasites to environmental pollution and climate change. Electromagnetic fields are not one of the causes.