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Topics
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Topics
Electromagnetic fields
- What are electromagnetic fields?
- High-frequency fields
- Radiation protection in mobile communication
- Static and low-frequency fields
- Radiation protection relating to the expansion of the national grid
- Radiation protection in electromobility
- The Competence Centre for Electromagnetic Fields
Optical radiation
- What is optical radiation?
- UV radiation
- Visible light
- Infrared radiation
- Application in medicine and wellness
- Application in daily life and technology
Ionising radiation
- What is ionising radiation?
- Radioactivity in the environment
- Applications in medicine
- Applications in daily life and in technology
- Radioactive radiation sources in Germany
- Register high-level radioactive radiation sources
- Type approval procedure
- Items claiming to provide beneficial effects of radiation
- Cabin luggage security checks
- Radioactive materials in watches
- Ionisation smoke detectors (ISM)
- Radiation effects
- What are the effects of radiation?
- Effects of selected radioactive materials
- Consequences of a radiation accident
- Cancer and leukaemia
- Hereditary radiation damage
- Individual radiosensitivity
- Epidemiology of radiation-induced diseases
- Ionising radiation: positive effects?
- Radiation protection
- Nuclear accident management
- Service offers
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The BfS
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The BfS
- Working at the BfS
- About us
- Science and research
- Laws and regulations
- Radiation Protection Act
- Ordinance on Protection against the Harmful Effects of Ionising Radiation
- Ordinance on Protection against the Harmful Effects of Non-ionising Radiation in Human Applications (NiSV)
- Frequently applied legal provisions
- Dose coefficients to calculate radiation exposure
- Links
Glossary
Englischsprachiges Glossar
Wash bottle Show / Hide
Wash bottles are laboratory devices that are included in a gas flow (e.g. in the branch of an exhaust air flow from a mine). Through an immersion tube (similar to a straw dipped into a liquid) the gas is forced to run through a liquid contained in the bottle before it leaves the bottle again. Thus it is possible to examine the composition of gases: Gases soluble in the liquid and entrapped airborne particles (aerosols) remain in the liquid and can be determined subsequently.
WashoutShow / Hide
Aerosols washed out by rain.
Waste containerShow / Hide
Containers such as drums, flasks, containers, drums, concrete casks or casting vessels, in which the waste products are stores.
waste formShow / Hide
Processed radioactive waste without packaging or unprocessed radioactive waste placed into a container.
Waste packageShow / Hide
Collective term for waste products and packaging.
Waste product groupShow / Hide
Waste products with comparable release behaviour of radioactive materials.
Waste typeShow / Hide
Type of primary radioactive waste accruing (such as combustible, solid materials, scrap, ion-exchange resins)
WavelengthShow / Hide
The wavelength is the distance of neighbouring oscillation states of the same phase in the direction of propagation, e.g. between two wave crests following upon each other. Wavelength and frequency are connected to each other.
The measure of wavelength is metre (m):
1 millimeter (mm) = 1/1000 m
1 mikrometer (µm) = 1/1000 mm
1 nanometer (nm) = 1/1000 µm
Whole-body counterShow / Hide
Measuring instrument for the detection of the activity of radionuclides in the whole human body. Only radionuclides emitting gamma radiation can be measured. A whole-body counter mostly consists of
- a couch or a chair the person to be examined is lying or sitting on during the measurement,
- one or several detectors to measure the gamma radiation emanating the measured person's body during the measurement, and
- a suitable shielding of the measuring instrument against environmental radiation.
Older devices use sodium iodide detectors. Instead of these, highpure germanium detectors are used increasingly, the latter having a significantly higher energy resolution (the higher the energy resolution, the better the various measured radionuclides can be distinguished from each other).
Whole-body doseShow / Hide
Product of the mean absorbed dose of the whole body and the radiation weighting factor. If several types of radiation are involved the total whole-body dose is the sum of the respective components. The unit of the whole-body dose is J/kg with the special name Sievert (Sv).
Wipe testShow / Hide
The wipe test is carried out by a sample manipulator using a wipe test monitor. Wipes are used to measure the alpha and beta surface contamination.
Wismut studyShow / Hide
Worldwide largest uranium miner cohort study including almost 60.000 miners who were occupationally exposed to radon and worked in uranium ore mining in former East Germany.
Working Level Month (WLM) Show / Hide
The unit Working Level Month (WLM) is frequently used in the risk assessment of occupational radon exposure instead of a calculated dose in Millisievert. The advantage is, that the concentration can be measured directly. No further assumptions for the dose distribution in the body are necessary. To calculate the cumulative exposure to radon in WLM, the measured alpha energy concentration (unit: Working Level (WL)) in one litre air is multiplied by the time the miner has worked in this surrounding. 1 WLM equals an exposure of 1 WL (1.3 * 105 Megaelectron-volt (MeV) potential alpha energy per litre air) over 170 working hours (monthly working time), or a half WL over 2 months (340 working hours), respectively.
work-overShow / Hide
Rehabilitation of existing but collapsed or stowed mine openings.
Worst-case scenarios Show / Hide
The worst case, corresponds to the concurrence of the most unfavourable conditions occurring in reality.