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Ionising Radiation > Occupational Radiation Protection
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The Radiation Protection Register
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 The Radiation Protection Register (SSR) is a central dose register for the surveillance of occupational radiation exposure. It has the task to control continuously the keeping of the body dose limits of all occupationally exposed persons in Germany and also the issuing of radiation passbooks for itinery workers. The SSR contributes to the further development of the occupational radiation protection as to the state of science and technology and also to the transparency and harmonisation of the occupational radiation protection monitoring in Europe.
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Dose limits in occupational radiation protection
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In the Federal Republic of Germany, the official monitoring
of workers who are occupationally exposed to radiation began almost five decades
ago. By adopting the "First Radiation Protection Ordinance" in 1960,
Germany had transposed the obligation of "... the health protection of the
population and the workers against the dangers of ionizing radiations" from
the first version of the Euratom Basic Safety Standards into national legislation.
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Incorporation Monitoring
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When handling open radioactive substances it may occure that radionuclides are incorporated into the body, e.g. by inhalation, ingestion, through the skin or through an open wound. This leads to internal radiation exposure. It is the task of incorporation monitoring to assess the internal doses retrospectively.
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Air Crew Monitoring
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 Cosmic radiation at high altitudes, especially high-energetic neutrons, contributes to the exposure to man. Pilots and flight attendants may receive annual effective doses comparable to doses received at workplaces, in which ionising radiation is used or radioactive sources are handled. For this reason, the European Council Directive 96/29 EURATOM requires that air crew members have to be monitored. In Germany, this directive was transposed into national regulation in 2001 by an amendment of the Radiation Protection Ordinance. It is possible to calculate the expected radiation dose with sufficient accuracy. The operators of airlines are obliged to send the calculated dose values via the Luftfahrtbundesamt to the Radiation Protection Register at the Federal Office for Radiation Protection (BfS). With an annual collective dose of approximately. 78 man-Sievert, about 34 000 monitored air crew members receive more than half of the collective dose of all occupationally exposed persons in Germany in the year 2005. The average annual effective dose per crew member is 2.3 mSv. Individual doses range from 0 to 8 millisievert (mSv). Compared to exposed persons in other working sectors exposures higher than 5 mSv are very rare (Full text available in German only).
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Wismut Uranium Miners Cohort Study
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Since several years, the BfS conducts a large scale epidemiological study to investigate health effects related to former uranium mining in southern parts of Saxony and Thuringia. A cohort of 59,000 male uranium miners was established. This cohort is the basis for three studies: the cohort study itself, which is today's largest single cohort of radon exposed miners. Up to now, results are available on the radon related risk of lung cancer and on the radiation related risk of cardio-vascular diseases; a nested case-control study on lung cancer including about 2,000 cohort members; and several sub-studies on molecular effects of radiation exposure.
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Relevant Fields of Work
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Die Kommission der Europäischen Gemeinschaft hat in TITEL VII der Richtlinie 96/29/EURATOM DES RATES vom 13. Mai 1996 erstmals die Überwachung beruflicher Strahlenexpositionen durch natürliche Strahlenquellen empfohlen. Insbesondere soll auch die Exposition infolge Inhalation von Radon-Zerfallsprodukten in bestimmten, von den Mitgliedsländern durch Untersuchungen oder andere geeignete Maßnahmen ermittelten Arbeitsfeldern überwacht werden. Die Strahlenschutzverordnung regelt, dass in Deutschland Arbeiten in explizit benannten untertägigen und übertägigen Arbeitsfeldern zukünftig in die Strahlenschutzüberwachung einbezogen werden.
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Radon at the Workplace
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Infolge der im Einigungsvertrag festgelegten Fortgeltung der Verordnung über die Gewährleistung von Atomsicherheit und Strahlenschutz der DDR für "... bergbauliche und andere Tätigkeiten, soweit dabei radioaktive Stoffe, insbesondere Radon-Zerfallsprodukte, anwesend sind", wurde in den neuen Bundesländern die vor mehr als 20 Jahren begonnene Überwachung der beruflichen Strahlenexposition bei diesen Arbeiten fortgesetzt. Die Ergebnisse der Überwachung zeigen, dass durch die im Verlaufe der Zeit eingeleiteten Maßnahmen die Strahlenexpositionen für diese Berufsgruppen deutlich gesenkt werden konnten und dass heute die Grenzwerte in der Regel eingehalten werden.
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