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Electromagnetic fields
- What are electromagnetic fields?
- High-frequency fields
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Optical radiation
- What is optical radiation?
- UV radiation
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Ionising radiation
- What is ionising radiation?
- Radioactivity in the environment
- Where does radioactivity occur in the environment?
- Natural radiation in Germany
- Air, soil and water
- Radon
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- What radionuclides can be found in food?
- Natural radioactivity in food
- Radiation exposure via food intake
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- What are the effects of radiation?
- Effects of selected radioactive materials
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Monitoring the emission of radioactive substances from nuclear facilities
- The discharges of radioactive substances from nuclear facilities (emission) through exhaust air and waste water are regularly and permanently monitored and assessed.
- The activity discharges calculated within the framework of the "exhaust air" and "waste water" emissions monitoring are communicated according to legal provisions to the Federal Environment Ministry (BMUV) and to the European Commission.
- In addition, the reported activity discharges are documented in the annual report "Umweltradioaktivität und Strahlenbelastung" (Environmental radioactivity and radiation exposure) of the Federal Environment Ministry.
The atomic licensing authorities stipulate maximum values for the discharges from nuclear facilities. The discharges of radioactive substances from nuclear facilities (emission) through exhaust air and waste water are regularly and permanently monitored and assessed. The resultant exposure of the population is calculated from this. Exposure means the action on the human body of ionising radiation from radiation sources outside and within the body, or the extent of such action.
The operator of the nuclear facility is thus obliged
- to minimise the discharges and
- to determine, to document and to assess all discharged radioactive substances by type and activity (known as "self-monitoring").
The required measurements are documented and a report is submitted to the relevant supervisory authority.
Activity discharges in exhaust air
Activity discharges in exhaust air
Radioactive substances are carried into the environment by exhaust air via the stacks of nuclear facilities.
A representative portion of the exhaust air is continually directed through collection equipment for assessment (see adjacent diagram).
After previously determined periods, the activities of the radionuclides that have settled during this time in the collection medium are determined and the resultant activity concentrations of these radionuclides in the exhaust air are calculated. As this type of sample collection is known as an "integrated procedure", short term emissions are also recorded reliably.
In addition, so-called "Online Monitoring Equipment" continually monitors radionuclides emitting gamma radiation (for example cobalt-60) and iodine isotopes. These measurements enable the prompt recognition of increases in activity discharges and furthermore ensure the recording of short-life radionuclides such as iodine-133.
Radioactive noble gases can only with great effort be deposited on collection media. In order to record them, a representative proportion of the stack exhaust air is directed continuously through a measurement chamber. In this way, activity discharges of these noble gases can be continually calculated and assessed.
Activity discharges in waste water
Activity discharges in waste water
In contrast to exhaust air, all radioactive waste water must be collected in collection containers. Only when an arbitration measurement has indicated that previously set permission values are not exceeded can it be directed into the environment through an outlet channel.
The operator determines the activities in the waste water of
- alpha emitting,
- beta emitting and
- gamma emitting radionuclides.
The discharged radioactive substances are assessed.
Overview of activity discharges from nuclear facilities in Germany
Since the 1960s, assessment has taken place of radioactive materials in exhaust air and waste water. Excepting the discharge of tritium (H-3) in the waste water and carbon 14 (C-14) in the exhaust air, all other radionuclide groups have been in decline since the 1970s.
This has been induced on the one hand by the shut down of nuclear power stations (in 1993, 20 nuclear power stations were in operation, in 2022 only three) and on the other hand, facilities have been retrofitted with retaining equipment for radioactive materials in the exhaust air (known as "full filtration").
Report submission is a legal requirement
The activity discharges calculated within the framework of the "exhaust air" and "waste water" emissions monitoring are communicated according to legal provisions to the Federal Environment Ministry (BMUV) and to the European Commission.
In addition, the reported activity discharges are documented in the annual report "Umweltradioaktivität und Strahlenbelastung" (Environmental radioactivity and radiation exposure) of the Federal Environment Ministry.
State of 2023.11.08